WORLD HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY

The customs of widow cleansing and widow inheritance are practiced in several communities throughout sub-Saharan Africa. In the Nyanza Province of Kenya, according to tradition, Luo widows are expected to engage in sexual intercourse with a “cleanser,” without the use of a condom, in order to remove the impurity ascribed to her after her husband's death. Luo couples, including widows, are also expected to engage in sex preceding specific agricultural activities, building homes, funerals, weddings, and other significant cultural and social events. Widows who are inherited for the purpose of fulfilling cultural obligation have a higher prevalence of HIV than those who remain un-inherited or are inherited for the purpose of companionship. As part of a larger descriptive qualitative study to inform study procedures for FEM-PrEP, an HIV prevention pre-exposure prophylaxis clinical trial, we conducted 15 semi-structured interviews (SSIs) with widows, 15 SSIs with inheritors, and four foc

A Hindu temple reflects a synthesis of arts, the ideals of  dharma , beliefs, values, and the way of life cherished under Hinduism. It is a link between man, deities, and the Universal  Purusa  in a sacred space.  It represents the triple-knowledge (trayi- vidya ) of the Vedic vision by mapping the relationships between the cosmos (brahmanda) and the cell (pinda) by a unique plan that is based on astronomical numbers.   Subhash Kak sees the temple form and its iconography to be a natural expansion of Vedic ideology  In ancient Indian texts, a temple is a place for   Tirtha   – pilgrimage. It is a sacred site whose ambience and design attempts to symbolically condense the ideal tenets of Hindu way of life. [19]   All the cosmic elements that create and sustain life are present in a Hindu temple – from fire to water, from images of nature to deities, from the feminine to the masculine, from the fleeting sounds and incense smells to the eternal nothingness yet universality at the core of

The Taj Mahal is a monument located in the city of Agra in northern India. This monument was built between 1631 to 1653 by the Muslim emperor Shah Jahan, who conceived it as a mausoleum for his favorite wife, Arjumand Bano Begum, better known as Mumtaz Mahal. One of the remarkable aspects of this work is its combination of architectural styles including Indian influences,  Standing majestically on the banks of River Yamuna, the Taj Mahal is synonymous to love and romance. It is believed that the name "Taj Mahal" was derived from the name of Shah Jahan's wife,  The Taj stands on a raised, square platform (186 x 186 feet) with its four corners truncated, forming an unequal octagon. The architectural design uses the interlocking arabesque concept, in which each element stands on its own and perfectly integrates with the main structure. It uses the principles of self-replicating geometry and symmetry of architectural elements.  Mahal and means "Crown Palace". slami

The Great Wall, China It is a collection of short walls that often follow the crest of hills on the southern edge of the Mongolian plain. The Great Wall of China, extends about 8,850 kilometers (5,500 miles). A first set of walls, designed to keep Mongol nomads out of China, were built of earth and stones in wood frames during the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BCE). Some additions and modifications were made to these simple walls over the next millennium but the major construction of the "modern" walls began in the Ming Dynasty (1388-1644 CE). Through Western contact with China from the 17th through 20th centuries, the legend of the Great Wall of China grew along with tourism to the wall. Restoration and rebuilding took place in the 20th century and in 1987 the Great Wall of China was made a World Heritage Site. Today, a portion of the Great Wall of China about 50 miles (80 km) from Beijing receives thousands of tourists each day.   Petra, Jordan Petra was discovered in 181

Football clubs have existed since the 15th century, but unorganized and without official status. It is therefore hard to decide which the first football club was. Some historians suggest that it was the Foot-Ball Club formed 1824 in Edinburgh. Earlier clubs were often formed by former school students and the first of this kind was formed in Sheffield in 1855. The oldest among professional football clubs is the English club   Notts County  that was formed in 1862 and still exists today. An important step for the emergence of teams was the industrialization that led to larger groups of people meeting at places such as factories, pubs and churches. Football teams were established in the larger cities and the new railroads could bring them to other cities. In the beginning, football was dominated by public school teams, but later, teams consisting by workers would make up the majority of those. Another change was successively taking place when some clubs became willing to pay the best

If  you are dating an kamba girl the be asured of going through taugh journey during  marriage ritual and also make your pocket full to the brime In addition, you should be ready to go through a number of rituals before she becom yours  legally. Here is an overview of some of the items a bridegroom needs during the traditional wedding. Two drums of honey (Ithembe), two blankets and two bed sheets. These items can be presented physically or monetary form. Another interesting thing that you must have to walk away with the woman who makes your days brighter is a big goat (ndua itaa).  The goat is usually presented to the parents of the bride as a symbol of the bed used by the bride while at her home. To show your readiness to have her as the mother of your children, you will be required to throw a mega party to your in-laws. ADVERTISEMENT Later, a ceremony dubbed ilute will be conducted. During the ceremony, a huge castrated bull is slaughtered. Friends and other

 Traditional marriage is still common among the masai community  from the past up today T he Maasai community is renowned the world over for its culture. The Maasai culture is unique and very interesting and attracts many peoples, both locals and foreigners. While some cultural practices have become outdated the iconic Maasai traditional wedding ceremony is one elaborate and culturally rich event that that is entertaining as well as intriguing. Maasai traditional wedding has become increasingly popular not just in Kenya but beyond and a lot has been borrowed from the rite and incorporated into the so called modern wedding. Maasai traditional weddings are full of colour, song and dance. Most people in Maasai practiced traditional weddings and that was the only form of marriage they knew. brac e modernity. Marriage rites are still observed. The village elder, who has married five wives in Maasai traditional weddings, says the day before the wedding the husband to be (groom) and

As they say culture difference should not separate  us from each other but rather cultural diversity brings strength that can benefit all humanity and that is why  the Masai  have never abandoned their culture  and they put it in practice  day after  the other. They put into practice  the invention of fire by Homo erectus who was  the first creature to invent fire  around 1.7 to 1.2 years ago. masai have copied  this from the homo erectus and they use the same method  to  light fire from generation to generation  so as to Abandon  the new error technology and remain with their culture.

The video above shows  youth among the Masai  undergoing  their initiation ceremony. During this ceremony  some rituals are performed  before they  undergo  the main  initiation practice. the Masai  is among the community that have never abandoned their culture .

Graduation  is getting a diploma or  academic degree , or the ceremony that is sometimes associated with it, in which students become  graduates . The date of graduation is often called graduation day. The graduation ceremony itself is also called: commencement,  convocation  or  invocation . Normally, the ceremony and name apply to  university  level and above (Associate's, Bachelor's, Master's, and Doctoral degrees), however, in the  United States , completing mandatory schooling is also referred to as  graduating , even though it is substantially below degree level. Graduations for  elementary school  and  kindergartens , and even for passing from one school year to the next, have been a development of recent years. This has received criticism, being described as "just a way of celebrating mediocrity". [1] Graduation at the college and university level occurs when the presiding officer confers degrees upon candidates, either individually or en masse, eve

The Kamba  mbeve  is a good example of the gourd-resonated fiddle. The gourd is ‘inverted and then pierced on both sides by a small bow. A string (formerly a tendon from a cow) is stretched across the membrane at the top and affixed on either side to the bow. The bridge, as stated earlier, is optional. The cylindrical wood-resonated fiddle is more common in western Kenya, and was traditionally used with a bridge. The tuning loops and indents found on similar instruments in the south-eastern parts of Africa 1  are not used in Kenya. Instead the tuning peg which holds the string is turned. The bridge may be moved to either end of the membrane to increase or decrease the tension in the string. Bows Kenyan youth have always used their hunting bows as instruments although not much attention is paid to this form of music. Although the hunting bow is used for entertainment, it must be ritually cleaned if it is to be used for therapeutic purposes by traditional doctors. Among the Kamba,

                                               HOW AMERICA BECAME SUPPER POWER America is one among the continents which gained independence in earlier times even though their nationalist were arrest    and deported and also killed. Some   nationalist who were   political were eliminated   through   banning of their political parties. This   was to make them weaker and lose their   convincing   power towards   their   independence but the Americans did not give up.   The American leader started their rebellion   by   burning   and looting    the Europeans offices   and also killing them. The   American   leaders   decided to form a federal government which   was to   provide common   deference for all states, deal with international trade, pay   foreign debts ,   establish federal   courts. The federal government was also to admit new   states and also settle disputes among the states. During   their last struggle for independence the federal Government declared a war   agai

Naming of children is an important aspect of the Akamba people. In most but not all cases, the first four children, two boys and two girls, are named after the grandparents on both sides of the family. The first boy is named after the paternal grandfather and the second after the maternal grandfather. Girls are similarly named. Because of the respect that the Kamba people observe between the varied relationships, there are people with whom they cannot speak in "first name" terms. The father and the mother in-law on the husband's side, for instance, can never address their daughter in-law by her first name. Neither can she address them by their first names. Yet she has to name her children after them. To solve this problem, a system of naming is adopted that gave names which were descriptive of the quality or career of the grandparents. Therefore, when a woman is married into a family, she is given a family name (some sort of baptismal name), such as "Syomunyithya/